General list, for Fulbright application: Includes online media and Malaysia
Links to international journalism organizations
Research proposal for Fulbright application
Compiled by Mindy McAdams
This list includes literature about democracy issues related to Malaysia, Southeast Asia, the Internet, and/or journalism. I began compiling it in 2003. It is a work in progress.
Abbott, J. P. (2001). Democracy@internet.asia? The challenges to the emancipatory potential of the net: lessons from China and Malaysia. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 99–114. [notes]
Ajello, R. P., & Oorjitham, S. (2000, February 25). Dr. M meets new media. Asiaweek, 26(7), 8. Available: http://www.asiaweek.com/ asiaweek/technology/2000/ 0225/ tech.politicscom.html
"We have accepted that the Internet should be free," said Mahathir. "And we are not going to interfere" (Ajello & Oorjitham, 2000).
Anderson, J. W. (1997). Is the Internet Islam's "Third Wave" or the "End
of Civilization"? Globalizing politics and religion in the Muslim world. Paper
prepared for the Virtual Diplomacy conference hosted by United States Institute
of Peace, Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 28, 2004, from http://www.usip.org/virtualdiplomacy/
publications/papers/ polrelander.html
(Note date; this is quite old.)
Arnold, W. (2001, August 23). Malaysia's Internet road show. The New
York Times, pp. G1, G6.
(Although "plans to install computers in the country's roughly 8,500 schools,
starting with those in rural areas, have been slow," buses bring computers
and the Internet to rural locations.)
Banerjee, I. (2002). The locals strike back? Media globalization and localization
in the new Asian television landscape. Gazette: The International
Journal for Communication Studies, 64(6), 517–535.
(Malaysia and Singapore.)
Bardoel, J. (2002). The Internet, journalism and public communication policies. Gazette:
The International Journal for Communication Studies, 64(5), 501–511.
(Concerns practices in the Netherlands.)
Berger, G. (2000). Grave new world? Democratic journalism enters the global twenty-first century. Journalism Studies, 1(1), 81–99.
Bunnell, T. (2002). (Re)positioning Malaysia: high-tech networks and the multicultural rescripting of national identity. Political Geography, 21(1), 105-124.
Campagna,
J. (2001,
November/December). Arab TV's mixed signals. Foreign Policy, pp. 88–89.
(Effects of
Al-Jazeera not earth-shaking but also not insignificant; competing channels
change somewhat to keep pace.)
Case, W. (2001). Malaysia's resilient pseudodemocracy. Journal of Democracy, 12(1), 43-57.
Chadwick, A. (2003). Bringing e-democracy back in: why it matters for future research on e-governance. Social Science Computer Review, 21(4), 443–455.
Chongkittavorn, K. (2002). Southeast Asian media struggle to be free. Nieman Reports, 56(2), 59–60. Available: http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/ reports/ 02-2NRsummer/ 59-60.pdf
Chyi, H. I., & Sylvie, G. (2001). The medium is global, the content is
not: the role of geography in online newspaper markets. Journal
of Media Economics, 14(4), 231–248.
(The data are quite old, but still
some interesting ideas here.)
Clayman, S. E. (2002). Tribune of the people: maintaining the legitimacy of
aggressive journalism. Media, Culture & Society, 24(2), 197–216.
(Offers a distinctly American or Western view.)
Ferdinand, P. (2000). The Internet, democracy and democratization. In P. Ferdinand (Ed.), The Internet, Democracy and Democratization (pp. 1–17). London: Frank Cass.
George, C. (2003). The Internet and the narrow tailoring dilemma for "Asian" democracies. Communication Review, 6(3), 247-268.
Gunaratne, S. A. (1999). The media in Asia: an overview. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 61(3-4), 197–223.
Gunaratne, S. A. (2002). Freedom of the press: a world system perspective. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 64(4), 343–369.
Hachigian, N. (2002). The Internet and power in one-party East Asian states. Washington Quarterly, 25(3), 41-58.
Haque, M. S. (2003). The role of the state in managing ethnic tensions in Malaysia: a critical discourse. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(3), 240-266.
Hawkins, V. (2002). The other side of the CNN factor: the media and conflict. Journalism Studies, 3(2), 225–240.
"While there is considerable controversy over the actual extent of the effect of media coverage on government policy in response to foreign conflict situations, it is generally recognised that, under certain conditions, the media can play a role in agenda setting, and the forming or changing of such policy" (Hawkins, 2002).
Hill, D., & Sen, K. (2000). The Internet in Indonesia's new democracy. In P. Ferdinand (Ed.), The Internet, Democracy and Democratization (pp. 119-136). London: Frank Cass.
Ho, K. C., Baber, Z., & Khondker, H. (2002). "Sites" of resistance:
alternative websites and state-society relations. British Journal of Sociology,
53(1), 127–148.
(Concerns Singapore.)
Hogan, S. B. (1999). To Net or not to Net: Singapore's regulation of the Internet.
Federal Communications Law Journal, 51(2), 429-447.
(Note the date;
historical interest.)
Holmes, L., & Grieco, M. (2001). The Internet, email, and the Malaysian political crisis: the power of transparency. Asia Pacific Business Review, 8(2), 59-72.
Huff, T. E. (2001). Globalization and the Internet: comparing the Middle Eastern and Malaysian experiences. Middle East Journal, 55(3), 439-458.
Kalathil, S. (2003, March/April). Dot com for dictators. Foreign Policy, pp. 43–49.
Kalathil, S., & Boas, T. C. (2001). The Internet and state control in authoritarian regimes: China, Cuba, and the counterrevolution. Information Revolution and World Politics Project/Global Policy Program, 21. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved December 17, 2003, from http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/ 21KalathilBoas.pdf
"It is widely believed that the Internet poses an insurmountable threat to authoritarian rule. But political science scholarship has provided little support for this conventional wisdom, and a number of case studies from around the world show that authoritarian regimes are finding ways to control and counter the political impact of Internet use. While the long-term political impact of the Internet remains an open question, we argue that these strategies for control may continue to be viable in the short to medium term" (Kalathil and Boas, 2001).
Kawamoto, K. (2002, July). Subduing the digital dragon: controlling the Internet in Asia. The Journal for Education, Community and Values 2(6). Retrieved December 9, 2004, from http://bcis.pacificu.edu/journal/2002/07/kawamoto.php
Kim, S. T., & Weaver, D. H. (2003). Reporting on globalization: a comparative
analysis of sourcing patterns in five countries' newspapers. Gazette:
The International Journal for Communication Studies, 65(2), 121–144.
(Comparison of news sources used in newspaper coverage of the Asian economic
crisis
and the IMF bailout; coverage in U.S., Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and
Thailand. Nice data.)
Laffan, M. (2003). The tangled roots of Islamist activism in Southeast
Asia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 16(3), 397-414.
(Mostly concerns Indonesia.)
Loo, E. (1996). Media tightly prescribed. Nieman Reports, 50(3), 79–80.
Loo, E. (2000). The Malaysian media: prescribed loyalty, proscribed practices. In D. Kingsbury, E. Loo, & P. Payne (Eds.), Foreign devils and other journalists (pp. 209-228). Clayton, Victoria: Monash Asia Institute. [notes]
Loo, E. (2002, November 18). "E-democracy" in Malaysia needs more than Internet access. Inter Press Service/Cyberdyaryo. Retrieved December 17, 2003, from http:// www.cyberdyaryo.com/ features/f2002_1118_04.htm
Loo, E. (n.d.). Opening windows to "e-democracy" in Malaysia. Paper submitted to Hawaii International Conference on Arts and Humanities, 2003. Available: http:// www.hichumanities.org/ AHproceedings/ Eric%20Loo.pdf
Mandaville, P. (2001). Reimagining Islam in diaspora: the politics of mediated community. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 63(2–3), 169–186.
Manzella, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the news: Indonesian press culture and power during the political crises of 1997–8. Journalism, 1(3), 305–328.
Massey, B. L., & Chang, L. A. (2002). Locating Asian values in Asian journalism: a content analysis of Web newspapers. Journal of Communication, 52(4), 987-1003.
McDaniel, D. (2002). Southeast Asia's electronically charged media revolution. Nieman Reports, 56(2), 63–65. Available: http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/ reports/ 02-2NRsummer/ 63-65.pdf
McLaughlin, G. (2002). Rules of engagement: television journalism and NATO's
"faith in bombing" during the Kosovo crisis, 1999. Journalism
Studies, 3(2), 257–266.
(Examines whether U.S. and British TV journalists acted passively or aggressively
to cover truthfully the NATO bombings in Serbia and Kosovo.)
Mills, K. (2002). Cybernations: identity, self-determination, democracy and the "Internet effect" in the emerging information order. Global Society, 16(1), 69–87.
"The ways we experience reality, encounter ourselves and others, participate in daily activities, and, of course, act politically, are in the process of being dramatically redefined and remade.... On the one hand, the Internet is making non-territorially based identities more viable or 'virtually' more real. On the other, the same bundle of technologies is reifying old-fashioned ethnic/national/communal territorially based identifications" (Mills, 2002).
Mustafa K. Anuar (2002). Defining democratic discourses: the mainstream press. In Loh Kok Wah, Francis, and Khoo Boo Teik, Eds., Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices, pp. 138–164. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
Netchaeva, I. (2002). E-government and e-democracy: a comparison of opportunities in the north and south. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 64(5), 467–477.
Nossek, H. (2004) Our news and their news: the role of national identity in
the coverage of foreign news. Journalism, 5(3), 343–368.
(A qualitative content analysis of the coverage of four events concerning political
violence in three different countries: Britain, Israel, United States.
Globalization; news flow.)
"The definition of an event as political violence causes the reporter and editorial board to adopt a stance and define the political violence as 'theirs' or 'ours.' Because an event is defined as theirs or ours, it is then covered as either an open story or a closed one. I suggest that the reason for this distinction is that the national position takes precedence over professional norms whenever an event is defined as 'our' political violence ..." (Nossek, 2004).
Oguibe, O. (1999). Connectivity, and the fate of the unconnected. Social Identities, 5(3), 239–248.
O'Hara, K. (2002). The Internet: a tool for democratic pluralism? Science as Culture, 11(2), 287–298.
O'Loughlin, B. (2001). The political implications of digital innovations: trade-offs of democracy and liberty in the developed world. Information, Communication & Society, 4(4), 595–614.
Patterson, T. E. (2000). Doing well and doing good: how soft news and critical journalism are shrinking the news audience and weakening democracy -- and what news outlets can do about it. Retrieved December 17, 2003, from the Shorenstein Center on the Press Web site, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/presspol/ Research_Publications/Reports/ softnews.pdf
Poindexter, P. M., & McCombs, M. E. (2001). Revisiting the civic duty to keep informed in the new media environment. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(1), 113-126.
Rahmah Hashim & Arfah Yusof (1999). Internet in Malaysia. Informatik Forum Heft 99/1. Retrieved September 13, 2004, from http://www.interasia.org/malaysia/hashim-yusof.html
Richstad, J. (2000). Asian journalism in the twentieth century. Journalism Studies, 1(2), 273-284.
Rodan, G. (2003). Embracing electronic media but suppressing civil society:
Authoritarian consolidation in Singapore. Pacific Review, 16(4), 503–525.
[photocopy]
(Comprehensive article. How laws in Singapore encourage self-censorship
of print and broadcast media; how the same practice extends to the Internet;
discouragement of pluralism, alternative voices; effects of the Societies
Act; lack of response from international media companies. At issue is not
the use of proxy servers so much as the repercussions coded into law, combined
with well-publicized episodes of surveillance in the past.)
Sachs, D. (2001). Let them eat bits. American Spectator, 34(8), 78–84.
(A lighthearted look at global protest movements online.)
Schultz, W. F. (2002). Human rights and cyberspace. NPQ: New Perspectives Quarterly, 19(2), 94–98.
Shaw, S. D. (2004, July 30). Rise of Malaysia's under-25s. Media, p. 10.
(About 40 percent of Malaysia's population will be younger than 25 by 2022.
In a survey, 91 percent in this age group said they had read a newspaper
in the past 7 days.)
Sinclair, J., & Harrison, M. (2004). Globalization, nation, and television in Asia: the cases of India and China. Television & New Media, 5(1), 41–54.
Stark, J. (2003). The Islamic debate in Malaysia: the unfinished project. South East Asia Research, 11(2), 173-201.
Takeyh, R. (2001, November/December). Faith-based initiatives: Can Islam bring democracy to the Middle East? Foreign Policy, pp. 68–70.
Tay, S. (2001, Winter). The future of ASEAN: an assessment of democracy, economies and institutions in Southeast Asia. Harvard Asia Pacific Review, pp. 48-50. Retrieved August 28, 2004, from http://web.mit.edu/ lipoff/www/hapr/ winter01_development/ asean.pdf
Tong Yee Siong (2004). Malaysiakini: Treading a tightrope of political pressure and market factors. In Gan, Steven; Gomez, James, & Johannen, Uwe, Eds., Asian Cyberactivism: Freedom of Expression and Media Censorship, pp. 276–317. Bangkok: Friedrich Naumann Foundation.
Tygar, J. D. (2003). Technological dimensions of privacy in Asia. Asia-Pacific Review, 10(2), 120–145.
Uimonen, P. (2003). Mediated management of meaning: on-line nation building in Malaysia. Global Networks, 3(3), 299–315.
Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2002). The construction of the public in letters to the editor: Deliberative democracy and the idiom of insanity. Journalism, 3(2), 183–204.
Wang Lay Kim (2001). Media and democracy in Malaysia. Javnost/The Public, 8(2), 67–88.
Warschauer, M. (2001). Singapore's dilemma: control versus autonomy
in IT-led development. The Information Society, 17(4), 305–311.
(Short, very readable.)
Wilson, T.; Hamzah, A., & Khattab, U. (2003).
The "cultural technology of clicking" in the hypertext era: electronic
journalism reception in Malaysia.
New Media & Society, 5(4), 523-545.
(Focus groups in Malaysia, 2001-2002, reported on "reception" to "e-journalism.")
Winters, J. A. (2002). The political impact of new information sources and
technologies in Indonesia. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication
Studies, 64(2), 109–119.
(Two case studies; use of Internet for news into and out of the country,
1998-99.)
Wong, K. (2004). Asian-based development journalism and political elections: press coverage of the 1999 general elections in Malaysia. Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 66(1), 25–40.
Zaharom Nain (2002). The structure of the media industry: Implications for democracy. In Loh Kok Wah, Francis, and Khoo Boo Teik, Eds., Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices, pp. 111–137. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
Zelizer, B., Park, D., & Gudelunas, D. (2002). How bias shapes the news: challenging The New York Times' status as a newspaper of record on the Middle East. Journalism, 3(3), 283–307.